Automotive Airbag History and Invention

Like seatbelts, airbags are a type of  automobile safety restraint system designed to mitigate injury in the event of an accident. These gas-inflated cushions, built into the steering wheel, dashboard, door, roof, and/or seat of your car, use a crash sensor to trigger a rapid expansion of nitrogen gas contained inside a cushion that pops out on impact to put a protective barrier between passengers and hard surfaces. Types of Airbags The two main types of airbags are designed for front impact and side impact. Advanced frontal airbag systems automatically determine if and with what level of power the driver-side frontal airbag and the passenger-side frontal airbag will inflate. The appropriate level of power is based on the readings of sensor inputs that can typically detect occupant size, seat position, seat belt use of the occupant, and severity of the crash. Side-impact airbags (SABs) are inflatable devices designed to help protect the head and/or chest in the event of a serious crash involving impact with the side of a vehicle. There are three main types of SABs: chest (or torso) SABs, head SABs, and head/chest combination (or combo) SABs. The History of the Airbag At the dawn of the airbag industry, Allen Breed held the  patent (U.S. #5,071,161) to the only crash-sensing technology available at the time. Breed had invented a sensor and safety system in 1968. It was the worlds first electromechanical automotive airbag system. However, rudimentary patents for airbag predecessors date back to the 1950s. Patent applications were submitted by German Walter Linderer and American John Hetrick as early as 1951. Linderers airbag (German patent #896312) was based on a compressed air system, either released by bumper contact or by the driver. Hetrick received a patent in 1953 (U.S. #2,649,311) for what he called a safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles, also based on compressed air. Later research during the 1960s proved that compressed air was not capable of inflating the airbags quickly enough to be effective. In 1964, Japanese automobile engineer Yasuzaburou Kobori  was developing an airbag safety net system that employed an explosive device to trigger airbag inflation, for which he was awarded patents in 14 countries. Sadly, Kobori  died in 1975 before seeing his ideas put into practical or widespread use. Airbags Are Introduced Commercially In 1971, the Ford Motor Company built an experimental airbag fleet. General Motors installed airbags in a fleet of 1973 Chevrolet Impalas—for government use only. The 1973 Oldsmobile Toronado was the first car with a passenger airbag sold to the public. General Motors later offered an option of driver-side airbags in full-sized Oldsmobiles and Buicks in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Cadillacs became available with driver and passenger airbags options during those years as well. General Motors, which had marketed its airbags as the Air Cushion Restraint System, discontinued the ACRS option for the 1977  model year, citing a lack of consumer interest. Ford and GM subsequently spent years  lobbying  against airbag requirements, arguing that the devices were simply not viable. Eventually, however, the automobile giants realized that the airbag was here to stay. Ford began offering them again as an option on their 1984 Tempo. While Chrysler made a driver-side airbag standard for its 1988–1989 models, it wasn’t until the early 1990s that airbags found their way into the majority of American cars. In 1994, TRW began production of the first gas-inflated airbag. Airbags have been mandatory in all new cars since 1998.

Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing - 905 Words

Animal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that Polio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that could prevent all three. Also, they discovered that the virus enters the body through the mouth. With these to finding that the obtained through animal testing it was later possible to create a vaccine for polio that benefitted millions(Dilger).even†¦show more content†¦Also, like in the story of Karl Landsteiner’s polio vaccine, it would not be possible to evaluate how an illness spreads without testing it on a whole organism. Perhaps the most important thing that using ani mals instead of other methods is that it keeps the humans safe and warns us about side effects that new products might induce on the patient. A single cell or part of a tissue cannot tell a doctor how it feels, it can only show if the drug does or does not work(Background). According to research, mice have one closest genetical pattern to those of humans which make them one of the most important test subjects; relatively Ninety-five percent of a mouses genetic code is exactly like that of humans. In fact, in the last 103 years, 71 scientists have gotten Nobel Prize in medicine through their work on animal testing using mice. According to common knowledge, people mostly think that animal testing only benefits humans, but researching these animals and testing on them also helps us find cures for illnesses that animal might have.Currently, because of animal testing we do on dogs, we have discovered a vaccine and medicine to cure rabies.Animal testing is a type of experiment that benefits animals and humans, in the long run, stopping animal testing would halt our medical progression because of our current high dependence on the test result.even though some people only mention the tests that fail, the tests that doShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing2973 Words   |  12 Pagescabinet has been tested on an animal at one point or another. A government funded corporation called the Food and Drug Administration, abbreviated as the FDA, is in charge of making sure that all drugs, cosmetics, biological products, and more are efficient, secure, and safe for human usage. The FDA will not allow any drug to be released or sold to the human population if it has not first been tested on animals. In fact, when a drug is first created it is tested on animals before humans are even allowedRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such asRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1074 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Testing is a enormous upset in the word today. Animal activist have been trying to put an end to it for years , but to no avail. Animal testing is when scientist will use animals to do experiments on . They will either hook heavy machinery to these poor defenseless animals or inject them with harsh chemicals just to see if its okay for human use. Over 26 millions of animals are used every year in just the united states alone for these cruel acts by the hand of man. Testing on animals haveRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1288 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Each animal bred or used for research, whether a mouse, fish, or monkey, is an individual capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress† (â€Å"Animal† 2013). The advancements in technology today had sparked a debate worldwide on whether it is right or wrong to use animals for experimentation in laboratories. With newl y advanced scientific technology, experts are able to utilize advanced technology to simulate functions of the human body on a much smaller scale, including microchips of humanRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing2487 Words   |  10 PagesMillions of animals suffer painfully and even die as an outcome of scientific research. The effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products slowly kill innocent animals every year. Although some people believe animal testing is necessary, others firmly believe that the alternatives choices that have been discovered over the years are the way to go. Especially because these choices are cheaper, more reliable and do not harm animals. This essay looks into the pros and cons of animalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity -driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing826 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing, although extremely debated, is something that should no longer be practiced anywhere around the world. Let’s start by taking a look at just how much animal testing is practiced in the United States as well as in other countries. The article called, â€Å"Animal Use Statistics† from the Humane Society International, says, â€Å"Only a small proportion of countries collect and publish data concerning their use of animals for testing and research, but it is estimated that more than 115 millionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pag esthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1522 Words   |  7 Pagesworld, there has been an enduring controversial issue and that is animal testing and research. Since the beginning of medicine, animals were used in the testing of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices to determine the safety of a product due to their similarities in diseases with humans. However this is considered unnecessary due to the creation of alternatives for animal testing. Despite these alternatives t he majority of animal testing still has not come to halt. This issue deserves to be attentiveRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1384 Words   |  6 Pagesalready banned animal testing for cosmetics, and the sale or import of newly animal-tested beauty products. Major companies have turned their backs completely on animal testing and no longer use ingredients that were tested on animals – and a number of animal tests have been completely replaced with superior, cheaper and more effective non-animal methods. Proponents of animal testing say that it has enabled the development of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is

The Washing Machine free essay sample

Laundering clothes manually involves the process of scrubbing and rinsing dry dirty clothes and other textiles. The entire process can be extremely tiring and time consuming. It can also lead to severe backaches for the washers. The electric washing machine has been a boon for housewives and house keepers as they have saved them not only a lot of time and effort from these this cumbersome chore but also contributed to their better health. The main parts of the washing machine are the agitator, inner and outer wash tub, electric motor and drain tube. It also has valves and switches. The function of the valves is to allow the hot and cold water in and out of the machine. First, the washing takes place in the inner tub. Here the water and detergent are mixed up with the clothes. The agitator then tumbles the clothes by moving them to all the sides. We will write a custom essay sample on The Washing Machine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The agitator is a plastic cylinder at the center of the inner tub. It’s function is to mix the clothing with the detergent. The inner tub moves along with the agitator. The inner tub has many holes and the centrifugal force drains out the water from the clothes and moves them into the outer tub through these holes. The water is then drained out through the tube. (Buzzle, 2009) http://home. howstuffworks. com/ how-to-repair-a-washingmachine. htm Image Source: (How Stuff Works, 2011) In the wash cycle, the agitator and inner tub are moved by a strong motor. After the water is drained out, the agitator works again to tumble the clothing. This is the second cycle called the rinse cycle. The aim of this cycle is to ensure that the detergent particles trapped in the washed fabric are removed. Once this is done, the machine again drains out water. The third cycle is the spin cycle. In this cycle as much water as possible is drained out of the wet clothes. This is done by the drain tubes. After the water is drained, another motor moves the inner tub at very high speed. This force drains the excess water from the fabric and moves it out via the drain tubes. The washing machine thus solves the problem of manually soaking, scrubbing, rinsing and beating the clothes in order to clean them and get rid of dirt particles stuck to them. It is all done easily by simply putting the clothes and some detergent into the washing machine and turning on the power. The process is usually over in just 30 minutes compared with the 60 minutes or more needed on average to wash them manually and with minimum effort. One bene? t the washing machine has is the timer function. With this function, housekeepers can program the machine to run the wash cycle at appropriate time. The machine will start and complete the cycle at the appointed time. This saves a lot of precious time as one can even be away from the house without worrying about the washing. Some cities have different tariffs at different times so one can program the machine to start working at the time when the tariff is lower. 8. 4 (T3) One limitation that the washing machine is that it needs a lot more water compared to hand washing and expensive detergent compared to a bar soap needed for hand washing. It also consumes a lot of electricity. It is also a lot more expensive because of all the water and electricity it consumes. The washing machine has had a big impact on society and economics. It has reduced the average time needed to do the laundry from 4 hours to 41 minutes. It has allowed the women to have more time to do other productive work instead included paid jobs. It has increased the participation of women in the workforce and allowed those economies to grow even faster. It is estimated that presently only 2 billion of the worlds’ 7 billion population have a washing machine. It is one of the top items on shopping lists of a new middle class rising in developing countries such as India, China and Brazil, who are yet to experience the economic and other bene? ts from the washing machines. (National Geographic, 2012) Washing machines have a considerably big impact on the environment too. They account for 14% of household water use (second only to the toilet). Washing machines can consume about 50 litres of water per wash. In cities where the household water comes from freshwater lakes and streams, this increased water consumption impacts the aquatic life. Washing machines require electricity and it is estimated that by keeping them running on fossil fuel supplied energy, about 160 pounds of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO? )is emitted per machine per year. Not only do they consume a lot of electricity but they also contribute to pollution. (Matt Wade, 2012)

What sort of a person is Lady Macbeth Essay Example For Students

What sort of a person is Lady Macbeth? Essay Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth Century, the actual play itself is set in the 11th Century during the reign of King James 1. During this period, people were very superstitious, therefore, probably appealed to a lot of people as there is a lot of reference to this. Throughout the play, there are quite a few recurring themes, the main ones being ambition, the idea of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth wanting to be King and Queen, and evil which is shown by certain colours, weather, people and animals. The two main characters are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Lady Macbeth being the most dominant. Macbeth, all through the play, lets his wife take control and put him down. Right from the beginning of the play she ruled Macbeths life and continued to do so right up until after the murder when she starts to lose all sanity. We will write a custom essay on What sort of a person is Lady Macbeth? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In act 1, scene 5 is the scene where we, the audience, meet Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and create our first impressions. Lady Macbeth reads her husbands letter, she then addresses the audience yet, in her head, it seems shes talking to her husband. She fears that Macbeth wont go ahead with the murder because hes too kind, Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o the milk of human kindness She also says shell influence her husband-all through the play she feels she has the power to get what she wants, and usually gets it. Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirit in thine ear. Already we, as the audience, get an image of Lady Macbeth. She comes across as a control freak and very ambitious. Obviously, she doesnt think her husband is strong enough to go through with the murder as she feels she must influence him. This means that she thinks shes strong enough to do it. She believes that if you want something strongly enough, you should do anything to get it, Thus thou must do, if though have it; It is also in this scene where she calls upon the spirits to fill her body with evil, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty; she tells them to unsex her, take away everything that makes her a woman, such as tenderness, love and pity. Shakespeare first introduces his euphemism for evil and death, when Lady Macbeth refers to the black raven, The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan signifying the imminent death of King Duncan. Obviously, Lady Macbeth becomes so obsessed with the murder, shes determined that it will happen with or without her husbands help. Yet despite her confidence, she still calls upon and prays to the spirits to give her every advantage to ensure she doesnt get discovered. She  asks for the darkest smoke of hell to hide her, and to cover the wounds made by the knife, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, so regardless of her obsession, shes still afraid of discovery and the result of her actions. Act 1, scene 7 shows us how Lady Macbeth persuades her husband to commit the murder. In this particular scene, Lady Macbeth comes across as incredibly manipulative. She obviously knows her husband really well, as she knows exactly what to say to him to change his mind. Certain comments, such as, Was the hope drunk, Wherein you dressd yourself? and When you durst do it, then you were a man reveal that Lady Macbeth is desperately trying to provoke a reaction from her husband. Both are examples of Lady Macbeth trying to manipulate her husband. She said he obviously wasnt a man twice in this scene and later on in the play, undermining Macbeths manhood. .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .postImageUrl , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:hover , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:visited , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:active { border:0!important; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:active , .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34 .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab36ba4576ffddf1820fe97dbe0e5e34:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Essay ThesisAs shown in lines 54-59, Lady Macbeth comes across as quite ruthless and single minded saying shed go to any lengths to keep her promise, Does unmake you. I have given suck, and know How tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this. Whether or not Lady Macbeth would actually go to these extremes, we cant say, as she does reveal a more sensitive side later on in the play. After a lot of planning and persuading on Lady Macbeths behalf, Macbeth finally succumbs to her mind games, as in act 2, scene 1, Macbeth commits the murder. It is at this point, in act 2, scene 2, Macbeth returns to his wife with the bloody daggers and as usual, Lady Macbeth isnt satisfied with it so she takes matters into her own hands and plants the daggers on the drunken guards. She later says to herself, Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. Although this quote expresses Lady Macbeths despair at her husbands inadequacies it also shows she has some compassion, but is reluctant to reveal this side of her nature to her husband as she doesnt want to appear weak and cowardly. She does this a few times later on in the play. My hands are of your colour, but I shame To wear a heart so white. Lady Macbeth says this to Macbeth shortly after the murder when he says nothing will rid of the blood. She says that her hands are covered in blood too, like his, but wouldnt want to be  a coward, like him. She basically states all through the play that her husband is a coward. Throughout this scene, Lady Macbeth doesnt seem at all worried and manages to keep calm even when theres a knock at the door. In act 2, scene 3, the king is found dead and Macbeth isnt doing a very good job of covering up so Lady Macbeth draws all the attention to herself by pretending to faint. Again, in this scene, Lady Macbeth is still managing to keep calm and innocent. Meanwhile, Lady Macbeth is totally unaware that her husband is planning to have the suspicious Banquo murdered. In act 3, scene 2, Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to put on an act and least try to look happy, Come on; Gentle my lord, sleek oer your rugged looks; Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night. Lady Macbeth still has full control of her husband, who, unlike Lady Macbeth, has been really badly affected by it. Lady Macbeth, in all her confidence, made one lapse, Naughts had, alls spent, She feels, despite everything theyve done to get as far as they have, they havent gained anything. She says this to the audience in a soliloquay, this suggests that she doesnt want her husband to think that shes weak. But in them natures copys not eterne. In other words, shes saying life isnt forever. Act 3, scene 4, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth start to lose control and let their guilt overpower them. Even though Lady Macbeth is concealing her emotions more effectively than her husband, the audience know how shes really feeling as she addresses them a lot more in this scene. She reveals her inner feelings to them. Yet again, she taunts her husband, What! quite unmannd in folly? and Are you a man? As we witnessed in earlier scenes, Lady Macbeth often puts her husband down and knows how to do it well. .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .postImageUrl , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:hover , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:visited , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:active { border:0!important; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:active , .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481 .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91023f85f1222cf9a591d4ff848ed481:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of Night in Macbeth EssayMacbeth starts to go insane and sees Banquos ghost. Lady Macbeth gets worried as she thinks people are going to start getting suspicious if he keeps behaving in the way that he does. She still doesnt know about the murder of Banquo and hasnt even questioned it. In panic, she tells all their guests that Macbeth isnt well and is affecting his behaviour, Sit, worthy friends: my lord is often thus, And hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat; The fit is momentary; upon a thought He will again be well. If much you note him, Then Macbeth starts to get worse and she tells the guests they must go. Stand not upon the order of your going, But go at once. This is the last scene where we see Lady Macbeth in full control. We really see a deterioration in Lady Macbeths sanity in act 5, scene 1. She lets her guilt take over. She repeats similar actions from earlier on in the play, such as getting out of bed in the middle of the night, throwing down her night-gown, unlocking her closet, take out Macbeths letter, reading it and then putting it back and then getting back into bed. Also, washing the blood off her hands and, To bed, to bed: theres a knocking at the gate. Come, come, come, come, give me your hand. Whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. Lady Macbeth is repeating what happened straight after the murder. She also gets really confused as she brings two events together, Wash your hands, put on your night-gown; look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Banquos buried; he cannot come out ons grave. Although theres no evidence in the text that Macbeths told his wife about the murder of Banquo, she obviously knows about it. In lines 34 to 40, Lady Macbeth tries to rub the blood off her hands, Out, damned spot! out, I say! The word spot could be a metaphor as people used to think that witches had a mark of the Devil, and witches are usually connected with evil. Also, shes now scared of the dark, at the beginning of the play when she was calling upon the spirits, she asked them to bring thick night to cover up the deed she was about to commit. As her conscience emerges, her confidence drops. She fears discovery and begins to realise exactly what theyve done, A little water will clear us of this deed; is what she says to reassure her husband in act 2, scene 2. Now she says, What, will these hands neer be clean? Lady Macbeth refers to Duncan and the murder Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? Lady Macbeth, unlike her husband never had a problem with lack of sleep up until now. Again, shes scared of the dark, dark can represent evil, which means shes actually scared of evil and spirits. In an earlier scene, the Thane of Fifes family was murdered, Lady Macbeth also refers back to this, The Thane or Fife had a wife: where is she now? In act 5, scene 5, Lady Macbeth commits suicide. Throughout the play, we witness the downfall of Lady Macbeth. In the beginning shes portrayed as an evil, strong, manipulative, greedy woman. As the plot develops, it is clear that she is a victim of her own ambition, reduced to insanity with her guilt and fears resulting in taking her own life. I find  it hard to empathise with Lady Macbeths character, as anybody who resorts to such evil, wicked deeds for her own gain would seem to deserve the consequences.

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology Status is a term that is used often in sociology. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of status, achieved status and ascribed status. Each can refer to ones position, or role, within a social system- child, parent, pupil, playmate, etc.- or to ones economic or social position within that status.   Individuals usually hold multiple statuses at any given time- lawyers, say, who happen to devote most of their time to pro bono work instead of rising through the ranks at a prestigious law firm. Status is important sociologically because we attach to ones position a certain set of  presumed  rights, as well as presumed obligations and expectations for certain behaviors. Achieved Status An achieved status is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a persons skills, abilities, and efforts. Being a professional athlete, for example, is an achieved status, as is being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal. Ascribed Status An ascribed status, on the other hand, is beyond an individuals control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over. Examples of ascribed status include sex, race, and age. Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults, since they do not usually have a choice in most matters. A familys social status or socioeconomic status, for instance, would be an achieved status for adults, but an ascribed status for children. Homelessness might also be another example. For adults, homelessness often comes by way of achieving, or rather not achieving, something. For children, however, homelessness is not something they have any control over. Their economic status, or lack thereof, is entirely dependent on their parents actions. Mixed-Status The line between achieved status and ascribed status is not always black and white. There are many statuses that can be considered a mixture of achievement and ascription. Parenthood, for one. According to the latest numbers gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 50 percent of pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, which makes parenthood for those people an ascribed status. Then there are people who achieve a certain status because of an ascribed status. Take Kim Kardashian, for example, probably the most famous  reality television celebrity in the world. Many people might argue that she would never have achieved that status if she had not come from a wealthy family, which is her ascribed status.  Ã‚   Status Obligations Probably the greatest set of obligations are conferred upon the status of parenthood.  First, there are biological obligations: Mothers are expected to care for themselves and their unborn child (or children, in the case of twins, etc.) by abstaining for any activity that could cause either of them harm. Once a child is born, a host of legal, social, and economic obligations kick in, all with the purpose of ensuring that parents act in a responsible manner toward their children. Then there are professional status obligations, like doctors and lawyers whose vocations bind them to certain oaths governing their client relationships. And socioeconomic status obligates those who have achieved a certain high level of economic status to contribute portions of their wealth to help the less fortunate in society.

3 Simple Ways You Can Be More Positive at Work

3 Simple Ways You Can Be More Positive at Work To be perfectly honest, I find working closely with groups of people somewhat stressful. I notice plenty of details and lots of them are irritating. You may work with griping colleagues, grouchy colleagues, hypercritical colleagues, or just complaining ones.How can you channel that nitpicky attitude into something that benefits the whole team? And how can you make sure you’re not a drain on the office yourself? Eve Ash, over at SmartCompany.com, has some helpful tips for you and your team.1. Make Negativity More ProductivePut that judginess to work! Your detail-oriented approach will help you identify errors or inconsistencies and address them before they hurt your company’s profile. Use your always see the problems skills to be your teams editor or worst-case-scenario planner. If youre going to find fault in things, you might as well fix them!The challenge is making sure your diplomacy skills are also well-developed, too- Mary Poppins was on to something with her spoon ful of sugar idea.2. Work On YourselfWhether you work with colleagues  who are negative or find yourself bogged down in self-critical or irritable thoughts, look for ways to turn your attitude around. Try to appreciate the passion behind  a cub-mates inquiry or the opportunity to have them vet your work before a higher-up or a client sees it. Lower your defenses to hear their corrections as a sign of their investment in your shared work, not a criticism of you!3. Encourage Others When You CanIf you’re receiving feedback that feels relentlessly negative or you find yourself caught up giving  harsh critiques without softening them with some more complementary responses, make an effort to accompany every criticism with a constructive suggestion (and to ask that your colleagues provide the same). Make sure you acknowledge a job well done, even if it involves correction of your own work or what feels like a challenge to your authority!

Criminology - sociology -philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology - sociology -philosophy - Essay Example According to Phillipson, traditional criminology fails to understand criminal law. The subject matter of criminology is defined by non-criminologists thus placing limits on the discipline (Phillipson:4). Even though criminology is acknowledged as the study of crime and criminals, it fails to understand criminal law because sorts of behaviours that are branded as crimes and the people who are convicted as criminals emerge out of social processes which are independent of the professional criminologists’ activities (Phillipson:3).. Traditional criminology, therefore, has his subject matter given to him through the society’s formal definitions of crime (illegal behaviours). It is also the society that identifies the individuals who commit criminal acts and not criminal law. In addition, traditional criminology has been a failure because legal definitions of what is a criminal behaviour vary within any society (Phillipson:6).. This is because what is regarded as  a crime i n a  given  Ã‚  society may not be in another because different societies have different definitions of criminal behaviours. For instance, some societies accept homosexual behaviour, gambling and drug use while others consider them criminal offenses. This, therefore, means that there is no one universal behaviour that is always and everywhere criminal because societies’ reactions to crime change with regards to time and place (Phillipson:5). Traditional criminology has ignored social processes upon which criminal law is made. It however rests upon an implicit acceptance of the legal status quo. This unquestioning acceptance of upheld values limit the questions criminologists ask as well as the answers they get from questions relating to the causes of crimes (Phillipson:7). This restricts the focus of traditional criminology in search of causes to individuals who were officially convicted of criminal offences. The limited vision of